An Overview of Hardware Security Modules

This paper intends to introduce the concept of a cryptographic hardware device. It will describe its functions, uses and implementations. It will explain some of the desirable features offered by hardware vendors, as well as examine some of the
pitfalls, weaknesses, and disadvantages associated with these types of devices.

It will summarize the FIPS 140 standard and explain how it pertains to these devices. It is assumed that the reader of this paper is already familiar with the basics of cryptography, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and the use of smart cards.